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- Network Working Group W A Simpson
- Internet Draft Daydreamer
- expires in six months August 1993
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- PPP HDLC Framing
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- Status of this Memo
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- This document is the product of the Point-to-Point Protocol Working
- Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Comments should
- be submitted to the ietf-ppp@ucdavis.edu mailing list.
-
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working
- documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas,
- and its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
- working documents as Internet Drafts.
-
- Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
- months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by
- other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet
- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a
- ``working draft'' or ``work in progress.''
-
- Please check the 1id-abstracts.txt listing contained in the
- internet-drafts Shadow Directories on nic.ddn.mil, nnsc.nsf.net,
- nic.nordu.net, ftp.nisc.sri.com, or munnari.oz.au to learn the
- current status of any Internet Draft.
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- Abstract
-
- The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [1] provides a standard method for
- transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links.
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- This document describes the use of HDLC for framing PPP encapsulated
- packets.
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- 1. Introduction
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- This specification provides for framing over both bit-oriented and
- octet-oriented synchronous links, and asynchronous links with 8 bits
- of data and no parity. These links MUST be full-duplex, but MAY be
- either dedicated or circuit-switched. PPP uses HDLC as a basis for
- the framing.
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- An escape mechanism is specified to allow control data such as
- XON/XOFF to be transmitted transparently over the link, and to remove
- spurious control data which may be injected into the link by
- intervening hardware and software.
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- Some protocols expect error free transmission, and either provide
- error detection only on a conditional basis, or do not provide it at
- all. PPP uses the HDLC Frame Check Sequence for error detection.
- This is commonly available in hardware implementations, and a
- software implementation is provided.
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- 1.1. Specification of Requirements
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- In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements
- of the specification. These words are often capitalized.
-
- MUST This word, or the adjective "required", means that the
- definition is an absolute requirement of the specification.
-
- MUST NOT This phrase means that the definition is an absolute
- prohibition of the specification.
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- SHOULD This word, or the adjective "recommended", means that there
- may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to
- ignore this item, but the full implications must be
- understood and carefully weighed before choosing a
- different course.
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- MAY This word, or the adjective "optional", means that this
- item is one of an allowed set of alternatives. An
- implementation which does not include this option MUST be
- prepared to interoperate with another implementation which
- does include the option.
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- 1.2. Terminology
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- This document frequently uses the following terms:
-
- datagram The unit of transmission in the network layer (such as IP).
- A datagram may be encapsulated in one or more packets
- passed to the data link layer.
-
- frame The unit of transmission at the data link layer. A frame
- may include a header and/or a trailer, along with some
- number of units of data.
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- packet The basic unit of encapsulation, which is passed across the
- interface between the network layer and the data link
- layer. A packet is usually mapped to a frame; the
- exceptions are when data link layer fragmentation is being
- performed, or when multiple packets are incorporated into a
- single frame.
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- peer The other end of the point-to-point link.
-
- silently discard
- This means the implementation discards the packet without
- further processing. The implementation SHOULD provide the
- capability of logging the error, including the contents of
- the silently discarded packet, and SHOULD record the event
- in a statistics counter.
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- 2. Physical Layer Requirements
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- PPP is capable of operating across most DTE/DCE interfaces (such as,
- EIA RS-232-C, EIA RS-422, EIA RS-423 and CCITT V.35). The only
- absolute requirement imposed by PPP is the provision of a full-duplex
- circuit, either dedicated or circuit-switched, which can operate in
- either an asynchronous (start/stop), bit-synchronous, or octet-
- synchronous mode, transparent to PPP Data Link Layer frames.
-
- Interface Format
-
- PPP presents an octet interface to the physical layer. There is
- no provision for sub-octets to be supplied or accepted.
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- Transmission Rate
-
- PPP does not impose any restrictions regarding transmission rate,
- other than that of the particular DTE/DCE interface.
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- Control Signals
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- PPP does not require the use of control signals, such as Request
- To Send (RTS), Clear To Send (CTS), Data Carrier Detect (DCD), and
- Data Terminal Ready (DTR).
-
- When available, using such signals can allow greater functionality
- and performance. In particular, such signals SHOULD be used to
- signal the Up and Down events in the LCP Option Negotiation
- Automaton [1]. When such signals are not available, the
- implementation MUST signal the Up event to LCP upon
- initialization, and SHOULD NOT signal the Down event.
-
- Because signalling is not required, the physical layer MAY be
- decoupled from the data link layer, hiding the transient details
- of the physical transport. This has implications for mobility in
- cellular radio networks, and other rapidly switching links.
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- When moving from cell to cell within the same zone, an
- implementation MAY choose to treat the entire zone as a single
- link, even though transmission is switched among several
- frequencies. The link is considered to be with the central
- control unit for the zone, rather than the individual cell
- transceivers. However, the link SHOULD re-establish its
- configuration whenever the link is switched to a different
- administration.
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- Due to the bursty nature of data traffic, some implementations
- have choosen to disconnect the physical layer during periods of
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- inactivity, and reconnect when traffic resumes, without informing
- the data link layer. Robust implementations should avoid using
- this trick over-zealously, since the price for decreased setup
- latency is decreased security. Implementations SHOULD signal the
- Down event whenever "significant time" has elapsed since the link
- was disconnected. The value for "significant time" is a matter of
- considerable debate, and is based on the tariffs, call setup
- times, and security concerns of the installation.
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- 3. The Data Link Layer
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- PPP uses the principles, terminology, and frame structure of the
- International Organization For Standardization's (ISO) 3309-1979
- High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) frame structure [2], as modified
- by "Addendum 1: Start/stop transmission" [3], which specifies
- modifications to allow HDLC use in asynchronous environments.
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- The PPP control procedures use the definitions and Control field
- encodings standardized in ISO 4335-1979 [4] and ISO 4335-
- 1979/Addendum 1-1979 [5]. PPP framing is also consistent with CCITT
- Recommendation X.25 LAPB [6], and CCITT Recommendation Q.922 [7],
- since those are also based on HDLC.
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- The purpose of this specification is not to document what is already
- standardized in ISO 3309. It is assumed that the reader is already
- familiar with HDLC, or has access to a copy of [2] or [6]. Instead,
- this document attempts to give a concise summary and point out
- specific options and features used by PPP.
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- To remain consistent with standard Internet practice, and avoid
- confusion for people used to reading RFCs, all binary numbers in the
- following descriptions are in Most Significant Bit to Least
- Significant Bit order, reading from left to right, unless otherwise
- indicated. Note that this is contrary to standard ISO and CCITT
- practice which orders bits as transmitted (network bit order). Keep
- this in mind when comparing this document with the international
- standards documents.
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- 3.1. Frame Format
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- A summary of the PPP HDLC frame structure is shown below. This
- figure does not include start/stop bits (for asynchronous links), nor
- any bits or octets inserted for transparency. The fields are
- transmitted from left to right.
-
- +----------+----------+----------+
- | Flag | Address | Control |
- | 01111110 | 11111111 | 00000011 |
- +----------+----------+----------+
- +----------+-------------+---------+
- | Protocol | Information | Padding |
- | 16 bits | * | * |
- +----------+-------------+---------+
- +----------+----------+-----------------
- | FCS | Flag | Inter-frame Fill
- | 16 bits | 01111110 | or next Address
- +----------+----------+-----------------
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- The Protocol, Information and Padding fields are described in the
- Point-to-Point Protocol Encapsulation [1].
-
- Flag Sequence
-
- The Flag Sequence indicates the beginning or end of a frame, and
- always consists of the binary sequence 01111110 (hexadecimal
- 0x7e).
-
- The Flag Sequence is a frame separator. Only one Flag Sequence is
- required between two frames. Two consecutive Flag Sequences
- constitute an empty frame, which is ignored, and not counted as a
- FCS error.
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- Address Field
-
- The Address field is a single octet and contains the binary
- sequence 11111111 (hexadecimal 0xff), the All-Stations address.
- PPP does not assign individual station addresses. The All-
- Stations address MUST always be recognized and received. The use
- of other address lengths and values may be defined at a later
- time, or by prior agreement. Frames with unrecognized Addresses
- SHOULD be silently discarded, and reported through the normal
- network management facility.
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- Control Field
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- The Control field is a single octet and contains the binary
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- sequence 00000011 (hexadecimal 0x03), the Unnumbered Information
- (UI) command with the P/F bit set to zero. The use of other
- Control field values may be defined at a later time, or by prior
- agreement. Frames with unrecognized Control field values SHOULD
- be silently discarded.
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- Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field
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- The Frame Check Sequence field is normally 16 bits (two octets).
- The use of other FCS lengths may be defined at a later time, or by
- prior agreement. The FCS is transmitted with the coefficient of
- the highest term first.
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- The FCS field is calculated over all bits of the Address, Control,
- Protocol, Information and Padding fields, not including any start
- and stop bits (asynchronous) nor any bits (synchronous) or octets
- (asynchronous) inserted for transparency. This also does not
- include the Flag Sequences or the FCS field itself.
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- Note: When octets are received which are flagged in the Async-
- Control-Character-Map, they are discarded before calculating
- the FCS.
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- For more information on the specification of the FCS, see ISO 3309
- [2] or CCITT X.25 [6].
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- The end of the Information and Padding fields is found by locating
- the closing Flag Sequence and removing the Frame Check Sequence
- field.
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- 3.2. Modification of the Basic Frame
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- The Link Control Protocol can negotiate modifications to the basic
- HDLC frame structure. However, modified frames will always be
- clearly distinguishable from standard frames.
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- Address-and-Control-Field-Compression
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- When using the default HDLC framing, the Address and Control
- fields contain the hexadecimal values 0xff and 0x03 respectively.
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- On transmission, compressed Address and Control fields are formed
- by simply omitting them.
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- On reception, the Address and Control fields are decompressed by
- examining the first two octets. If they contain the values 0xff
- and 0x03, they are assumed to be the Address and Control fields.
- If not, it is assumed that the fields were compressed and were not
- transmitted.
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- By definition, the first octet of a two octet Protocol field will
- never be 0xff (since it is not even). The Protocol field value
- 0x00ff is not allowed (reserved) to avoid ambiguity when
- Protocol-Field-Compression is enabled and the first Information
- field octet is 0x03.
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- When other Address or Control field values are in use, Address-
- and-Control-Field-Compression MUST NOT be negotiated.
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- 4. Asynchronous HDLC
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- This section summarizes the use of HDLC with 8-bit asynchronous
- links, as applied in the Point-to-Point Protocol.
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- Transmission Considerations
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- All octets are transmitted with one start bit, eight bits of data,
- and one stop bit. There is no provision for seven bit
- asynchronous links.
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- Flag Sequence
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- The Flag Sequence indicates the beginning or end of a frame. The
- octet stream is examined on an octet-by-octet basis for the value
- 01111110 (hexadecimal 0x7e).
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- Transparency
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- On asynchronous links, an octet stuffing procedure is used. The
- Control Escape octet is defined as binary 01111101 (hexadecimal
- 0x7d) where the bit positions are numbered 87654321 (not 76543210,
- BEWARE).
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- Each end of the link maintains two Async-Control-Character-Maps.
- The receiving ACCM is 32 bits, but the sending ACCM may be up to
- 256 bits. This results in four distinct ACCMs, two in each
- direction of the link.
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- The default receiving ACCM is 0xffffffff. The default sending
- ACCM is 0xffffffff, plus the Control Escape and Flag Sequence
- characters themselves, plus whatever other outgoing characters are
- known to be intercepted.
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- After FCS computation, the transmitter examines the entire frame
- between the two Flag Sequences. Each Flag Sequence, Control
- Escape octet, and octet with value less than hexadecimal 0x20
- which is flagged in the sending Async-Control-Character-Map, is
- replaced by a two octet sequence consisting of the Control Escape
- octet and the original octet with bit 6 complemented (exclusive-
- or'd with hexadecimal 0x20).
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- Prior to FCS computation, the receiver examines the entire frame
- between the two Flag Sequences. Each octet with value less than
- hexadecimal 0x20 is checked. If it is flagged in the receiving
- Async-Control-Character-Map, it is simply removed (it may have
- been inserted by intervening data communications equipment). For
- each Control Escape octet, that octet is also removed, but bit 6
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- of the following octet is complemented, unless it is the Flag
- Sequence.
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- Note: The inclusion of all octets less than hexadecimal 0x20
- allows all ASCII control characters [8] excluding DEL (Delete)
- to be transparently communicated through all known data
- communications equipment.
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- The transmitter may also send octets with value in the range 0x40
- through 0xff (except 0x5e) in Control Escape format. Since these
- octet values are not negotiable, this does not solve the problem
- of receivers which cannot handle all non-control characters.
- Also, since the technique does not affect the 8th bit, this does
- not solve problems for communications links that can send only 7-
- bit characters.
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- A few examples may make this more clear. Packet data is
- transmitted on the link as follows:
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- 0x7e is encoded as 0x7d, 0x5e.
- 0x7d is encoded as 0x7d, 0x5d.
- 0x01 is encoded as 0x7d, 0x21.
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- Some modems with software flow control may intercept outgoing DC1
- and DC3 ignoring the 8th (parity) bit. This data would be
- transmitted on the link as follows:
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- 0x11 is encoded as 0x7d, 0x31.
- 0x13 is encoded as 0x7d, 0x33.
- 0x91 is encoded as 0x7d, 0xb1.
- 0x93 is encoded as 0x7d, 0xb3.
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- Aborting a Transmission
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- On asynchronous links, frames may be aborted by transmitting a "0"
- stop bit where a "1" bit is expected (framing error) or by
- transmitting a Control Escape octet followed immediately by a
- closing Flag Sequence.
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- Time Fill
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- For asynchronous links, inter-octet and inter-frame time fill MUST
- be accomplished by transmitting continuous "1" bits (mark-hold
- state).
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- Inter-frame time fill can be viewed as extended inter-octet time
- fill. Doing so can save one octet for every frame, decreasing
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- delay and increasing bandwidth. This is possible since a Flag
- Sequence may serve as both a frame close and a frame begin. After
- having received any frame, an idle receiver will always be in a
- frame begin state.
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- Robust transmitters should avoid using this trick over-zealously,
- since the price for decreased delay is decreased reliability.
- Noisy links may cause the receiver to receive garbage characters
- and interpret them as part of an incoming frame. If the
- transmitter does not send a new opening Flag Sequence before
- sending the next frame, then that frame will be appended to the
- noise characters causing an invalid frame (with high reliability).
- It is suggested that implementations will achieve the best results
- by always sending an opening Flag Sequence if the new frame is not
- back-to-back with the last. Transmitters SHOULD send an open Flag
- Sequence whenever "appreciable time" has elapsed after the prior
- closing Flag Sequence. The maximum value for "appreciable time"
- is likely to be no greater than the typing rate of a slow typist,
- say 1 second.
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- 5. Bit-synchronous HDLC
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- This section summarizes the considerations for HDLC interoperability,
- as applied in the Point-to-Point Protocol to bit-synchronous links.
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- Flag Sequence
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- The Flag Sequence indicates the beginning or end of a frame, and
- is used for frame synchronization. The bit stream is examined on
- a bit-by-bit basis for the binary sequence 01111110 (hexadecimal
- 0x7e).
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- The "shared zero mode" Flag Sequence "011111101111110" SHOULD NOT
- be used. When not avoidable, such an implementation MUST ensure
- that the first Flag Sequence detected (the end of the frame) is
- promptly communicated to the link layer. Use of the shared zero
- mode hinders interoperability with synchronous-to-asynchronous
- converters.
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- Transparency
-
- The transmitter examines the entire frame between the two Flag
- Sequences. A "0" bit is inserted after all sequences of five
- contiguous "1" bits (including the last 5 bits of the FCS) to
- ensure that a Flag Sequence is not simulated.
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- When receiving, any "0" bit that directly follows five contiguous
- "1" bits is discarded.
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- Since the Control Escape octet-stuffing method is not used, the
- default receiving and sending Async-Control-Character-Maps are 0.
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- There may be some use of synchronous-to-asynchronous converters
- (some built into modems) in point-to-point links resulting in a
- synchronous PPP implementation on one end of a link and an
- asynchronous implementation on the other. It is the
- responsibility of the converter to do all mapping conversions
- during operation. To enable this functionality, bit-synchronous
- PPP implementations MUST always respond to the Async-Control-
- Character-Map Configuration Option with an LCP Configure-Ack.
- However, acceptance of the Configuration Option does not imply
- that the bit-synchronous implementation will do any octet mapping.
- Instead, all such octet mapping will be performed by the
- asynchronous-to-synchronous converter.
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- Aborting a Transmission
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- A sequence of more than six "1" bits indicates an invalid frame,
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- which is ignored, and not counted as a FCS error.
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- Inter-frame Time Fill
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- For bit-synchronous links, the Flag Sequence SHOULD be transmitted
- during inter-frame time fill. There is no provision for inter-
- octet time fill.
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- Mark idle (continuous ones) SHOULD NOT be used for inter-frame
- time fill. However, certain types of circuit-switched links
- require the use of mark idle, particularly those that calculate
- accounting based on periods of bit activity. When mark idle is
- used on a bit-synchronous link, the implementation MUST ensure at
- least 15 consecutive "1" bits between Flags during the idle
- period, and that the Flag Sequence is always generated at the
- beginning of a frame after an idle period.
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- Encoding
-
- PPP does not require any particular bit-synchronous encoding, such
- as FM, NRZ, or NRZI. The use of various encodings and scrambling
- is the responsibility of the DTE/DCE equipment in use, and is
- outside the scope of this specification.
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- While PPP will operate without regard to the underlying
- representation of the octet stream, lack of standards for
- transmission will hinder interoperability as surely as lack of
- data link standards. At speeds of 56 Kbps through 2.0 Mbps, NRZ
- is currently most widely available, and on that basis is
- recommended as a default.
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- When some configuration of the encoding is allowed, NRZI is
- recommended as an alternative, because of its relative immunity to
- signal inversion configuration errors, and instances when it MAY
- allow connection without an expensive DSU/CSU. Unfortunately,
- NRZI encoding obviates the (1 + x) factor of the 16-bit FCS, so
- that one error in 2**15 goes undetected (instead of one in 2**16),
- and triple errors are not detected. Therefore, when NRZI is in
- use, it is recommended that the 32-bit FCS be negotiated, which
- does not include the (1 + x) factor.
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- At higher speeds of up to 45 Mbps, some implementors have chosen
- the ANSI High Speed Synchronous Interface [HSSI]. While this
- experience is currently limited, implementors are encouraged to
- cooperate in choosing transmission encoding.
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- At speeds of greater than 45 Mbps, it is expected that octet-
- synchronous links such as SONET will be used.
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- A. Fast Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Implementation
-
- The FCS was originally designed with hardware implementations in
- mind. A serial bit stream is transmitted on the wire, the FCS is
- calculated over the serial data as it goes out, and the complement of
- the resulting FCS is appended to the serial stream, followed by the
- Flag Sequence.
-
- The receiver has no way of determining that it has finished
- calculating the received FCS until it detects the Flag Sequence.
- Therefore, the FCS was designed so that a particular pattern results
- when the FCS operation passes over the complemented FCS. A good
- frame is indicated by this "good FCS" value.
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- A.1. FCS Computation Method
-
- The following code provides a table lookup computation for
- calculating the Frame Check Sequence as data arrives at the
- interface. This implementation is based on [9], [10], and [11]. The
- table is created by the code in section B.2.
-
- /*
- * u16 represents an unsigned 16-bit number. Adjust the typedef for
- * your hardware.
- */
- typedef unsigned short u16;
-
-
- /*
- * FCS lookup table as calculated by the table generator in section B.2.
- */
- static u16 fcstab[256] = {
- 0x0000, 0x1189, 0x2312, 0x329b, 0x4624, 0x57ad, 0x6536, 0x74bf,
- 0x8c48, 0x9dc1, 0xaf5a, 0xbed3, 0xca6c, 0xdbe5, 0xe97e, 0xf8f7,
- 0x1081, 0x0108, 0x3393, 0x221a, 0x56a5, 0x472c, 0x75b7, 0x643e,
- 0x9cc9, 0x8d40, 0xbfdb, 0xae52, 0xdaed, 0xcb64, 0xf9ff, 0xe876,
- 0x2102, 0x308b, 0x0210, 0x1399, 0x6726, 0x76af, 0x4434, 0x55bd,
- 0xad4a, 0xbcc3, 0x8e58, 0x9fd1, 0xeb6e, 0xfae7, 0xc87c, 0xd9f5,
- 0x3183, 0x200a, 0x1291, 0x0318, 0x77a7, 0x662e, 0x54b5, 0x453c,
- 0xbdcb, 0xac42, 0x9ed9, 0x8f50, 0xfbef, 0xea66, 0xd8fd, 0xc974,
- 0x4204, 0x538d, 0x6116, 0x709f, 0x0420, 0x15a9, 0x2732, 0x36bb,
- 0xce4c, 0xdfc5, 0xed5e, 0xfcd7, 0x8868, 0x99e1, 0xab7a, 0xbaf3,
- 0x5285, 0x430c, 0x7197, 0x601e, 0x14a1, 0x0528, 0x37b3, 0x263a,
- 0xdecd, 0xcf44, 0xfddf, 0xec56, 0x98e9, 0x8960, 0xbbfb, 0xaa72,
- 0x6306, 0x728f, 0x4014, 0x519d, 0x2522, 0x34ab, 0x0630, 0x17b9,
- 0xef4e, 0xfec7, 0xcc5c, 0xddd5, 0xa96a, 0xb8e3, 0x8a78, 0x9bf1,
- 0x7387, 0x620e, 0x5095, 0x411c, 0x35a3, 0x242a, 0x16b1, 0x0738,
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- 0xffcf, 0xee46, 0xdcdd, 0xcd54, 0xb9eb, 0xa862, 0x9af9, 0x8b70,
- 0x8408, 0x9581, 0xa71a, 0xb693, 0xc22c, 0xd3a5, 0xe13e, 0xf0b7,
- 0x0840, 0x19c9, 0x2b52, 0x3adb, 0x4e64, 0x5fed, 0x6d76, 0x7cff,
- 0x9489, 0x8500, 0xb79b, 0xa612, 0xd2ad, 0xc324, 0xf1bf, 0xe036,
- 0x18c1, 0x0948, 0x3bd3, 0x2a5a, 0x5ee5, 0x4f6c, 0x7df7, 0x6c7e,
- 0xa50a, 0xb483, 0x8618, 0x9791, 0xe32e, 0xf2a7, 0xc03c, 0xd1b5,
- 0x2942, 0x38cb, 0x0a50, 0x1bd9, 0x6f66, 0x7eef, 0x4c74, 0x5dfd,
- 0xb58b, 0xa402, 0x9699, 0x8710, 0xf3af, 0xe226, 0xd0bd, 0xc134,
- 0x39c3, 0x284a, 0x1ad1, 0x0b58, 0x7fe7, 0x6e6e, 0x5cf5, 0x4d7c,
- 0xc60c, 0xd785, 0xe51e, 0xf497, 0x8028, 0x91a1, 0xa33a, 0xb2b3,
- 0x4a44, 0x5bcd, 0x6956, 0x78df, 0x0c60, 0x1de9, 0x2f72, 0x3efb,
- 0xd68d, 0xc704, 0xf59f, 0xe416, 0x90a9, 0x8120, 0xb3bb, 0xa232,
- 0x5ac5, 0x4b4c, 0x79d7, 0x685e, 0x1ce1, 0x0d68, 0x3ff3, 0x2e7a,
- 0xe70e, 0xf687, 0xc41c, 0xd595, 0xa12a, 0xb0a3, 0x8238, 0x93b1,
- 0x6b46, 0x7acf, 0x4854, 0x59dd, 0x2d62, 0x3ceb, 0x0e70, 0x1ff9,
- 0xf78f, 0xe606, 0xd49d, 0xc514, 0xb1ab, 0xa022, 0x92b9, 0x8330,
- 0x7bc7, 0x6a4e, 0x58d5, 0x495c, 0x3de3, 0x2c6a, 0x1ef1, 0x0f78
- };
-
- #define PPPINITFCS16 0xffff /* Initial FCS value */
- #define PPPGOODFCS16 0xf0b8 /* Good final FCS value */
-
- /*
- * Calculate a new fcs given the current fcs and the new data.
- */
- u16 pppfcs16(fcs, cp, len)
- register u16 fcs;
- register unsigned char *cp;
- register int len;
- {
- ASSERT(sizeof (u16) == 2);
- ASSERT(((u16) -1) > 0);
- while (len--)
- fcs = (fcs >> 8) ^ fcstab[(fcs ^ *cp++) & 0xff];
-
- return (fcs);
- }
-
- /*
- * How to use the fcs
- */
- tryfcs16(cp, len)
- register unsigned char *cp;
- register int len;
- {
- u16 trialfcs;
-
- /* add on output */
-
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- trialfcs = pppfcs16( PPPINITFCS16, cp, len );
- trialfcs ^= 0xffff; /* complement */
- cp[len] = (trialfcs & 0x00ff); /* least significant byte first */
- cp[len+1] = ((trialfcs >> 8) & 0x00ff);
-
- /* check on input */
- trialfcs = pppfcs16( PPPINITFCS16, cp, len + 2 );
- if ( trialfcs == PPPGOODFCS16 )
- printf("Good FCS\n");
- }
-
-
- A.2. Fast FCS table generator
-
- The following code creates the lookup table used to calculate the
- FCS.
-
- /*
- * Generate a FCS table for the HDLC FCS.
- *
- * Drew D. Perkins at Carnegie Mellon University.
- *
- * Code liberally borrowed from Mohsen Banan and D. Hugh Redelmeier.
- */
-
- /*
- * The HDLC polynomial: x**0 + x**5 + x**12 + x**16 (0x8408).
- */
- #define P 0x8408
-
-
- main()
- {
- register unsigned int b, v;
- register int i;
-
- printf("typedef unsigned short u16;\n");
- printf("static u16 fcstab[256] = {");
- for (b = 0; ; ) {
- if (b % 8 == 0)
- printf("\n");
-
- v = b;
- for (i = 8; i--; )
- v = v & 1 ? (v >> 1) ^ P : v >> 1;
-
- printf("\t0x%04x", v & 0xFFFF);
- if (++b == 256)
-
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- break;
- printf(",");
- }
- printf("\n};\n");
- }
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- Security Considerations
-
- As noted in the Physical Layer Requirements section, the link layer
- might not be informed when the connected state of physical layer is
- changed. This results in possible security lapses due to over-
- reliance on the integrity and security of switching systems and
- administrations. An insertion attack might be undetected. An
- attacker which is able to spoof the same calling identity might be
- able to avoid link authentication.
-
-
- References
-
- [1] Simpson, W. A., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", work in
- progress.
-
- [2] International Organization For Standardization, ISO Standard
- 3309-1979, "Data communication - High-level data link control
- procedures - Frame structure", 1979.
-
- [3] International Organization For Standardization, Proposed Draft
- International Standard ISO 3309:1983/PDAD1, "Information
- processing systems - Data communication - High-level data link
- control procedures - Frame structure - Addendum 1: Start/stop
- transmission", 1984.
-
- [4] International Organization For Standardization, ISO Standard
- 4335-1979, "Data communication - High-level data link control
- procedures - Elements of procedures", 1979.
-
- [5] International Organization For Standardization, ISO Standard
- 4335-1979/Addendum 1, "Data communication - High-level data
- link control procedures - Elements of procedures - Addendum 1",
- 1979.
-
- [6] International Telecommunication Union, CCITT Recommendation
- X.25, "Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data
- Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) for Terminals Operating in
- the Packet Mode on Public Data Networks", CCITT Red Book,
- Volume VIII, Fascicle VIII.3, Rec. X.25., October 1984.
-
- [7] International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee,
- CCITT Recommendation Q.922, "ISDN Data Link Layer Specification
- for Frame Mode Bearer Services", April 1991.
-
- [8] American National Standards Institute, ANSI X3.4-1977,
- "American National Standard Code for Information Interchange",
- 1977.
-
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- [9] Perez, "Byte-wise CRC Calculations", IEEE Micro, June, 1983.
-
- [10] Morse, G., "Calculating CRC's by Bits and Bytes", Byte,
- September 1986.
-
- [11] LeVan, J., "A Fast CRC", Byte, November 1987.
-
-
- Acknowledgments
-
- This specification is based on previous RFCs, where many
- contributions have been acknowleged.
-
- Additional implementation detail for this version was provided by
- Fred Baker (ACC), Craig Fox (NSC), and Phil Karn (Qualcomm).
-
- Special thanks to Morning Star Technologies for providing computing
- resources and network access support for writing this specification.
-
-
- Chair's Address
-
- The working group can be contacted via the current chair:
-
- Fred Baker
- Advanced Computer Communications
- 315 Bollay Drive
- Santa Barbara, California, 93111
-
- EMail: fbaker@acc.com
-
-
- Editor's Address
-
- Questions about this memo can also be directed to:
-
- William Allen Simpson
- Daydreamer
- Computer Systems Consulting Services
- 1384 Fontaine
- Madison Heights, Michigan 48071
-
- EMail: Bill.Simpson@um.cc.umich.edu
-
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- Table of Contents
-
-
- 1. Introduction .......................................... 1
- 1.1 Specification of Requirements ................... 1
- 1.2 Terminology ..................................... 2
-
- 2. Physical Layer Requirements ........................... 3
-
- 3. The Data Link Layer ................................... 5
- 3.1 Frame Format .................................... 6
- 3.2 Modification of the Basic Frame ................. 8
-
- 4. Asynchronous HDLC ..................................... 9
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- 5. Bit-synchronous HDLC .................................. 12
-
- APPENDICES ................................................... 14
-
- A. Fast Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Implementation ........ 14
- A.1 FCS Computation Method .......................... 14
- A.2 Fast FCS table generator ........................ 16
-
- SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS ...................................... 18
-
- REFERENCES ................................................... 18
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- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................. 19
-
- CHAIR'S ADDRESS .............................................. 19
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- EDITOR'S ADDRESS ............................................. 19
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